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JavaScript is a high-level, interpreted programming language that conforms to the ECMAScript specification. It is a language that is characterized as dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based and multi-paradigm.

Key features include:

• Client-side scripting for web browsers
• Event-driven programming
• Asynchronous operations with Promises and async/await
• Object-oriented and functional programming paradigms

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a stylesheet language used to describe the presentation of a document written in HTML or XML. CSS describes how elements should be rendered on screen, on paper, in speech, or on other media.

CSS works by:

• Selecting HTML elements using selectors
• Applying style rules to those elements
• Following the cascade and specificity rules to determine which styles apply
• Using the box model to control layout and spacing

You can write CSS inline, in a <style> tag, or in external stylesheets.

Responsive web design is an approach to web design that makes web pages render well on a variety of devices and window or screen sizes. It ensures optimal viewing and interaction experience across different devices.

Core principles include:

• Fluid grids that use relative units like percentages
• Flexible images that scale within their containers
• Media queries to apply different styles for different screen sizes
• Mobile-first approach starting with small screens
• Viewport meta tag for proper scaling

Modern CSS features like Flexbox and Grid make responsive design much easier to implement.

Version control systems track changes to files over time, allowing you to recall specific versions later. Git is the most popular version control system used today.

Benefits of version control:

• Track history of all changes made to your codebase
• Collaborate with team members without conflicts
• Revert to previous versions when needed
• Create branches for experimental features
• Maintain multiple versions of your project simultaneously
• Review code changes before merging

Popular platforms like GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket provide hosting for Git repositories with additional collaboration features.