Create a standalone rule#

You can use PSRule to create tests for PowerShell objects piped to PSRule for validation. Each test is called a rule.

PSRule allows you to write rules using YAML, JSON, or PowerShell. Regardless of the format you choose, any combination of YAML, JSON, or PowerShell rules can be used together.

Abstract

This topic covers how to create a rule using YAML, JSON, and PowerShell by example. In this quickstart, will be using native PowerShell objects. For an example of reading objects from disk, continue reading Testing infrastructure.

Prerequisites#

For this quickstart, PSRule must be installed locally on MacOS, Linux, or Windows. To install PSRule locally, open PowerShell and run the following Install-Module command. If you don't have PowerShell installed, complete Installing PowerShell first.

PowerShell

Install-Module -Name 'PSRule' -Repository PSGallery -Scope CurrentUser

Tip

PowerShell is installed by default on Windows. If these instructions don't work for you, your administrator may have restricted how PowerShell can be used in your environment. You or your administrator may be able to install PSRule for all users as a local administrator. See Getting the modules for instructions on how to do this.

Tip

To make you editing experience even better, consider installing the Visual Studio Code extension.

Scenario - Test for image files#

In our quickstart scenario, we have been tasked with creating a rule to test for image files. When a file ending with the .jpg or .png extension is found the rule should fail.

We will be using the following PowerShell code to get a list of files.

PowerShell

$pathToSearch = $Env:HOME;
$files = Get-ChildItem -Path $pathToSearch -File -Recurse;

Info

The path to search $Env:HOME defaults to the current user's home directory. This directory is used so this quickstart works on Windows and Linux operating systems. Feel free to update this path to a more suitable directory on your local machine.

Define the file type rule#

Before an object can be tested with PSRule, one or more rules must be defined. Each rule is defined in a file named with the suffix .Rule.yaml, .Rule.jsonc, or .Rule.ps1. Multiple rules can be defined in a single file.

A rule that fail on files with .jpg or .png extensions is shown in YAML, JSON, and PowerShell formats. You only need to choose one format, however you can choose to create all three to try out each format.

YAMLJSONPowerShell

Create the FileType.Rule.yaml file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save FileType.Rule.yaml.

YAML

---
# Synopsis: Image files are not permitted.
apiVersion: github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1
kind: Rule
metadata:
  name: Yaml.FileType
spec:
  type:
  - System.IO.FileInfo
  condition:
    field: Extension
    notIn:
    - .jpg
    - .png

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name Yaml.FileType.
The type property ensures the rule will only run for file info objects. Other objects that might be piped to PSRule will be skipped by the Yaml.FileType rule.
The condition property determines the checks PSRule will use to test each file returned with Get-ChildItem. Specifically, the Extension property of each FileInfo object will be compared. The value of Extension should not be either .jpg or .png.

Create the FileType.Rule.jsonc file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save FileType.Rule.jsonc.

JSON

[
    {
        // Synopsis: Image files are not permitted.
        "apiVersion": "github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1",
        "kind": "Rule",
        "metadata": {
            "name": "Json.FileType"
        },
        "spec": {
            "type": [
                "System.IO.FileInfo"
            ],
            "condition": {
                "field": "Extension",
                "notIn": [
                    ".jpg",
                    ".png"
                ]
            }
        }
    }
]

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name Json.FileType.
The type property ensures the rule will only run for file info objects. Other objects that might be piped to PSRule will be skipped by the Json.FileType rule.
The condition property determines the checks PSRule will use to test each file returned with Get-ChildItem. Specifically, the Extension property of each FileInfo object will be compared. The value of Extension should not be either .jpg or .png.

Create the FileType.Rule.ps1 file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code, Windows PowerShell ISE, or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save FileType.Rule.ps1.

PowerShell

# Synopsis: Image files are not permitted.
Rule 'PS.FileType' -Type 'System.IO.FileInfo' {
    $Assert.NotIn($TargetObject, 'Extension', @('.jpg', '.png'))
}

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name PS.FileType.
The -Type parameter ensures the rule will only run for file info objects. Other objects that might be piped to PSRule will be skipped by the PS.FileType rule.
The condition contained within the curly braces { } determines the checks PSRule will use to test each file returned with Get-ChildItem.
The $Assert.NotIn method checks the Extension property is not set to .jpg or .png.

Testing file extensions#

You can test the rule by using the Invoke-PSRule command. For example:

PowerShell

$pathToSearch = $Env:HOME;
$files = Get-ChildItem -Path $pathToSearch -File -Recurse;

# The path to the rule file. Update this to the location of your saved file.
$rulePath = 'C:\temp\FileType.Rule.ps1'
# Or the directory can be used to find all rules in the path:
# $rulePath = 'C:\temp\'

# Test the rule
$files | Invoke-PSRule -Path $rulePath

After running Invoke-PSRule you will get output which includes all files in the pathToSeach. Files with a .jpg or .png extension should have the outcome of Fail. All other files should report an outcome of Pass.

For example:

Output

   TargetName: main.html

RuleName                            Outcome    Recommendation
--------                            -------    --------------
Yaml.FileType                       Pass       Image files are not permitted.

   TargetName: favicon.png

RuleName                            Outcome    Recommendation
--------                            -------    --------------
Yaml.FileType                       Fail       Image files are not permitted.

Tip

If you didn't get any results with Fail try creating or saving a .jpg file in pathToSeach.
If you have too many Pass results you can filter the output to only fails by using -Outcome Fail. For example:
```
$files | Invoke-PSRule -Path $rulePath -Outcome Fail
```

Scenario - Test for service status#

v2.0.0

In our quickstart scenario, we have been tasked to:

Find any services that are set to start automatically with StartType beginning with Automatic.
Fail for any service with a Status other than Running.

We will be using the following PowerShell code to get a list of local services.

PowerShell

$services = Get-Service

Note

This scenario is designed for Windows clients. The PowerShell cmdlet Get-Service is only available on Windows.

Define a selector#

A selector can be used to filter a list of all services to only services that are set to start automatically. Selectors use YAML or JSON expressions and are similar to rules in many ways. A selector determines if the rule will be run or skipped.

If the selector is true then the rule will be run and either pass or fail.
If the selector is false then the rule will be skipped.

YAMLJSON

Create the Service.Rule.yaml file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save Service.Rule.yaml.

YAML

---
# Synopsis: Find services with an automatic start type.
apiVersion: github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1
kind: Selector
metadata:
  name: Yaml.IsAutomaticService
spec:
  if:
    field: StartType
    startsWith: Automatic
    convert: true

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your selector in a line comment above your rule.
Name your selector with a unique name Yaml.IsAutomaticService.
The if property determines if PSRule will evaluate the service rule. Specifically, the StartType property of each service object will be compared. The value of StartType must start with Automatic.
The convert property automatically converts the enum type of StartType to a string.

Create the Service.Rule.jsonc file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save Service.Rule.jsonc.

JSON

[
    {
        // Synopsis: Find services with an automatic start type.
        "apiVersion": "github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1",
        "kind": "Selector",
        "metadata": {
            "name": "Json.IsAutomaticService"
        },
        "spec": {
            "if": {
                "field": "StartType",
                "startsWith": "Automatic",
                "convert": true
            }
        }
    }
]

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your selector in a line comment above your rule.
Name your selector with a unique name Json.IsAutomaticService.
The if property determines if PSRule will evaluate the service rule. Specifically, the StartType property of each service object will be compared. The value of StartType must start with Automatic.
The convert property automatically converts the enum type of StartType to a string.

Define the service rule#

Similar to the selector, the Status field will be tested to determine if the service is Running.

YAMLJSONPowerShell

Append the following contents to the existing Service.Rule.yaml file.

YAML

---
# Synopsis: Automatic services should be running.
apiVersion: github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1
kind: Rule
metadata:
  name: Yaml.ServiceStarted
spec:
  with:
  - Yaml.IsAutomaticService
  condition:
    field: Status
    equals: Running
    convert: true

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name Yaml.ServiceStarted.
The with property indicates to only run this rule on selected service objects. The Yaml.IsAutomaticService selector must first return true otherwise this rule will be skipped.
The condition property determines the checks PSRule will use to test each service. Specifically, the Status property will be compared. The value of Status must be Running.
The convert property automatically converts the enum type of Status to a string.

Update the contents of Service.Rule.jsonc to the following.

JSON

[
    {
        // Synopsis: Find services with an automatic start type.
        "apiVersion": "github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1",
        "kind": "Selector",
        "metadata": {
            "name": "Json.IsAutomaticService"
        },
        "spec": {
            "if": {
                "field": "StartType",
                "startsWith": "Automatic",
                "convert": true
            }
        }
    },
    {
        // Synopsis: Automatic services should be running.
        "apiVersion": "github.com/microsoft/PSRule/v1",
        "kind": "Rule",
        "metadata": {
            "name": "Json.ServiceStarted"
        },
        "spec": {
            "with": [
                "Json.IsAutomaticService"
            ],
            "condition": {
                "field": "Status",
                "equals": "Running",
                "convert": true
            }
        }
    }
]

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name Json.ServiceStarted.
The with property indicates to only run this rule on selected service objects. The Json.IsAutomaticService selector must first return true otherwise this rule will be skipped.
The condition property determines the checks PSRule will use to test each service. Specifically, the Status property will be compared. The value of Status must be Running.
The convert property automatically converts the enum type of Status to a string.

Create the Service.Rule.ps1 file with the following contents. This file can be created in Visual Studio Code, Windows PowerShell ISE, or any text editor. Make a note of the location you save Service.Rule.ps1.

PowerShell

# Synopsis: Automatic services should be running.
Rule 'PS.ServiceStarted' -With 'Yaml.IsAutomaticService' {
    $status = $TargetObject.Status.ToString()
    $Assert.HasFieldValue($status, '.', 'Running')
}

Use a short Synopsis: to describe your rule in a line comment above your rule. This will be shown in output as the default recommendation. For this to be interpreted by PSRule, only a single line is allowed.
Name your rule with a unique name PS.ServiceStarted.
The -With parameter indicates to only run this rule on selected service objects. The Yaml.IsAutomaticService selector must first return true otherwise this rule will be skipped.
The condition contained within the curly braces { } determines the checks PSRule will use to test each service object.
The Status enum property is converted to a string.
The $Assert.HasFieldValue method checks the converted Status property is set to Running.

Testing service objects#

You can test the rule with service object by using the Invoke-PSRule command. For example:

PowerShell

$services = Get-Service

# The directory path to the rule file. Update this to the location of your saved file.
$rulePath = 'C:\temp\'

# Test the rule
$services | Invoke-PSRule -Path $rulePath

After running Invoke-PSRule you will get output which include for services that start automatically. Services that are Running should pass whereas other stopped services should fail. For manual or disabled services a warning will be generated indicating that no matching rules were found.

For example:

Output

   TargetName: edgeupdate

RuleName                            Outcome    Recommendation
--------                            -------    --------------
PS.ServiceStarted                   Fail       Automatic services should be running.
Yaml.ServiceStarted                 Fail       Automatic services should be running.
Json.ServiceStarted                 Fail       Automatic services should be running.


   TargetName: EventLog

RuleName                            Outcome    Recommendation
--------                            -------    --------------
PS.ServiceStarted                   Pass       Automatic services should be running.
Yaml.ServiceStarted                 Pass       Automatic services should be running.
Json.ServiceStarted                 Pass       Automatic services should be running.

WARNING: Target object 'TermService' has not been processed because no matching rules were found.

Tip

You can disable the warning by setting Execution.UnprocessedObject option. Alternatively you can ignore all warnings by using the -WarningAction SilentlyContinue parameter.

Create a standalone rule#

Prerequisites#

Scenario - Test for image files#

Define the file type rule#

Testing file extensions#

Scenario - Test for service status#

Define a selector#

Define the service rule#

Testing service objects#

Comments