Executing Actions

Adaptive Cards support interactive elements through actions—buttons, links, and input submission triggers that respond to user interaction. You can use these to collect form input, trigger workflows, show task modules, open URLs, and more.

Action Types

The Teams SDK supports several action types for different interaction patterns:

Action Type	Purpose	Description
Action.Execute	Server‑side processing	Send data to your bot for processing. Best for forms & multi‑step workflows.
Action.Submit	Simple data submission	Legacy action type. Prefer Execute for new projects.
Action.OpenUrl	External navigation	Open a URL in the user's browser.
Action.ShowCard	Progressive disclosure	Display a nested card when clicked.
Action.ToggleVisibility	UI state management	Show/hide card elements dynamically.

info

For complete reference, see the official documentation.

Creating Actions with the SDK

Single Actions

The SDK provides builder helpers that abstract the underlying JSON. For example:

using Microsoft.Teams.Cards;

var action = new ExecuteAction
{
    Title = "Submit Feedback",
    Data = new Union<string, SubmitActionData>(new SubmitActionData
    {
        NonSchemaProperties = new Dictionary<string, object?>
        {
            { "action", "submit_feedback" }
        }
    }),
    AssociatedInputs = AssociatedInputs.Auto
};

Action Sets

Group actions together using ActionSet:

using Microsoft.Teams.Cards;

var card = new AdaptiveCard
{
    Schema = "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
    Actions = new List<Microsoft.Teams.Cards.Action>
    {
        new ExecuteAction
        {
            Title = "Submit Feedback",
            Data = new Union<string, SubmitActionData>(new SubmitActionData
            {
                NonSchemaProperties = new Dictionary<string, object?>
                {
                    { "action", "submit_feedback" }
                }
            })
        },
        new OpenUrlAction("https://adaptivecards.microsoft.com")
        {
            Title = "Learn More"
        }
    }
};

Raw JSON Alternative

Just like when building cards, if you prefer to work with raw JSON, you can do just that.

var actionJson = """
{
  "type": "Action.OpenUrl",
  "url": "https://adaptivecards.microsoft.com",
  "title": "Learn More"
}
""";
var action = OpenUrlAction.Deserialize(actionJson);

Working with Input Values

Associating data with the cards

Sometimes you want to send a card and have it be associated with some data. Set the data value to be sent back to the client so you can associate it with a particular entity.

private static AdaptiveCard CreateProfileCard()
{
    return new AdaptiveCard
    {
        Schema = "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
        Body = new List<CardElement>
        {
            new TextBlock("User Profile")
            {
                Weight = TextWeight.Bolder,
                Size = TextSize.Large
            },
            new TextInput
            {
                Id = "name",
                Label = "Name",
                Value = "John Doe"
            },
            new TextInput
            {
                Id = "email",
                Label = "Email",
                Value = "john@contoso.com"
            },
            new ToggleInput("Subscribe to newsletter")
            {
                Id = "subscribe",
                Value = "false"
            }
        },
        Actions = new List<Microsoft.Teams.Cards.Action>
        {
            new ExecuteAction
            {
                Title = "Save",
                // entity_id will come back after the user submits
                Data = new Union<string, SubmitActionData>(new SubmitActionData
                {
                    NonSchemaProperties = new Dictionary<string, object?>
                    {
                        { "action", "save_profile" },
                        { "entity_id", "12345" }
                    }
                }),
                AssociatedInputs = AssociatedInputs.Auto
            }
        }
    };
}

// Data received in handler (conceptual structure)
/*
{
  "action": "save_profile",
  "entity_id": "12345",     // From action data
  "name": "John Doe",       // From name input
  "email": "john@doe.com",  // From email input
  "subscribe": "true"       // From toggle input (as string)
}

Accessed in C# as:
- data["action"] → "save_profile"
- data["entity_id"] → "12345"
- data["name"] → "John Doe"
- data["email"] → "john@doe.com"
- data["subscribe"] → "true"
*/

Input Validation

Input Controls provide ways for you to validate. More details can be found on the Adaptive Cards documentation.

private static AdaptiveCard CreateProfileCardWithValidation()
{
    return new AdaptiveCard
    {
        Schema = "http://adaptivecards.io/schemas/adaptive-card.json",
        Body = new List<CardElement>
        {
            new TextBlock("Profile with Validation")
            {
                Weight = TextWeight.Bolder,
                Size = TextSize.Large
            },
            new NumberInput
            {
                Id = "age",
                Label = "Age",
                IsRequired = true,
                Min = 0,
                Max = 120
            },
            // Can configure custom error messages
            new TextInput
            {
                Id = "name",
                Label = "Name",
                IsRequired = true,
                ErrorMessage = "Name is required"
            },
            new TextInput
            {
                Id = "location",
                Label = "Location"
            }
        },
        Actions = new List<Microsoft.Teams.Cards.Action>
        {
            new ExecuteAction
            {
                Title = "Save",
                // All inputs should be validated
                Data = new Union<string, SubmitActionData>(new SubmitActionData
                {
                    NonSchemaProperties = new Dictionary<string, object?>
                    {
                        { "action", "save_profile" }
                    }
                }),
                AssociatedInputs = AssociatedInputs.Auto
            }
        }
    };
}

Server Handlers

Basic Structure

Card actions arrive as card.action activities in your app. These give you access to the validated input values plus any data values you had configured to be sent back to you.

using System.Text.Json;
using Microsoft.Teams.Api.Activities.Invokes.AdaptiveCards;
using Microsoft.Teams.Apps;
using Microsoft.Teams.Apps.Annotations;
using Microsoft.Teams.Common.Logging;

//...

teams.OnAdaptiveCardAction(async context =>
{
    var activity = context.Activity;
    context.Log.Info("[CARD_ACTION] Card action received");

    var data = activity.Value?.Action?.Data;

    context.Log.Info($"[CARD_ACTION] Raw data: {JsonSerializer.Serialize(data)}");

    if (data == null)
    {
        context.Log.Error("[CARD_ACTION] No data in card action");
        return new ActionResponse.Message("No data specified") { StatusCode = 400 };
    }

    string? action = data.TryGetValue("action", out var actionObj) ? actionObj?.ToString() : null;

    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(action))
    {
        context.Log.Error("[CARD_ACTION] No action specified in card data");
        return new ActionResponse.Message("No action specified") { StatusCode = 400 };
    }
    context.Log.Info($"[CARD_ACTION] Processing action: {action}");

    string? GetFormValue(string key)
    {
        if (data.TryGetValue(key, out var val))
        {
            if (val is JsonElement element)
                return element.GetString();
            return val?.ToString();
        }
        return null;
    }

    switch (action)
    {
        case "submit_basic":
            var notifyValue = GetFormValue("notify") ?? "false";
            await context.Send($"Basic card submitted! Notify setting: {notifyValue}");
            break;

        case "submit_feedback":
            var feedbackText = GetFormValue("feedback") ?? "No feedback provided";
            await context.Send($"Feedback received: {feedbackText}");
            break;

        case "create_task":
            var title = GetFormValue("title") ?? "Untitled";
            var priority = GetFormValue("priority") ?? "medium";
            var dueDate = GetFormValue("due_date") ?? "No date";
            await context.Send($"Task created!\nTitle: {title}\nPriority: {priority}\nDue: {dueDate}");
            break;

        case "save_profile":
            var name = GetFormValue("name") ?? "Unknown";
            var email = GetFormValue("email") ?? "No email";
            var subscribe = GetFormValue("subscribe") ?? "false";
            var age = GetFormValue("age");
            var location = GetFormValue("location") ?? "Not specified";

            var response = $"Profile saved!\nName: {name}\nEmail: {email}\nSubscribed: {subscribe}";
            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(age))
                response += $"\nAge: {age}";
            if (location != "Not specified")
                response += $"\nLocation: {location}";

            await context.Send(response);
            break;

        case "test_json":
            await context.Send("JSON deserialization test successful!");
            break;

        default:
            context.Log.Error($"[CARD_ACTION] Unknown action: {action}");
            return new ActionResponse.Message("Unknown action") { StatusCode = 400 };
    }

    return new ActionResponse.Message("Action processed successfully") { StatusCode = 200 };
});

note

The data values come from JSON and need to be extracted using the helper method shown above to handle different JSON element types.