Source code for qcodes.instrument_drivers.QDev.QDac_channels

# QCoDeS driver for QDac using channels

import logging
import time
from functools import partial
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any

import pyvisa
import pyvisa.constants
from pyvisa.resources.serial import SerialInstrument

from qcodes import validators as vals
from qcodes.instrument import (
    ChannelList,
    Instrument,
    InstrumentBaseKWArgs,
    InstrumentChannel,
    VisaInstrument,
    VisaInstrumentKWArgs,
)
from qcodes.parameters import MultiChannelInstrumentParameter, ParamRawDataType

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from collections.abc import Sequence

    from typing_extensions import Unpack

    from qcodes.parameters import Parameter

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


[docs] class QDevQDacChannel(InstrumentChannel): """ A single output channel of the QDac. Exposes chan.v, chan.vrange, chan.slope, chan.i, chan.irange """ _CHANNEL_VALIDATION = vals.Numbers(1, 48) def __init__( self, parent: Instrument, name: str, channum: int, **kwargs: "Unpack[InstrumentBaseKWArgs]", ): """ Args: parent: The instrument to which the channel is attached. name: The name of the channel channum: The number of the channel in question (1-48) **kwargs: Forwarded to base class. """ super().__init__(parent, name, **kwargs) # Validate the channel self._CHANNEL_VALIDATION.validate(channum) # Add the parameters self.v: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "v", label=f"Channel {channum} voltage", unit="V", set_cmd=partial(self._parent._set_voltage, channum), get_cmd=partial(self._parent._get_voltage, channum), get_parser=float, vals=vals.Numbers(-10, 10), ) """Parameter v""" self.vrange: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "vrange", label=f"Channel {channum} atten.", set_cmd=partial(self._parent._set_vrange, channum), get_cmd=partial(self._parent._get_vrange, channum), vals=vals.Enum(0, 1), ) """Parameter vrange""" self.i: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "i", label=f"Channel {channum} current", get_cmd=f"get {channum}", unit="A", get_parser=self._parent._current_parser, ) """Parameter i""" self.irange: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "irange", label=f"Channel {channum} irange", set_cmd=f"cur {channum} {{}}", get_cmd=f"cur {channum}", get_parser=int, ) """Parameter irange""" self.slope: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "slope", label=f"Channel {channum} slope", unit="V/s", set_cmd=partial(self._parent._setslope, channum), get_cmd=partial(self._parent._getslope, channum), vals=vals.MultiType(vals.Enum("Inf"), vals.Numbers(1e-3, 100)), ) """Parameter slope""" self.sync: Parameter = self.add_parameter( "sync", label=f"Channel {channum} sync output", set_cmd=partial(self._parent._setsync, channum), get_cmd=partial(self._parent._getsync, channum), vals=vals.Ints(0, 5), ) """Parameter sync""" self.sync_delay: Parameter = self.add_parameter( name="sync_delay", label=f"Channel {channum} sync pulse delay", unit="s", get_cmd=None, set_cmd=None, initial_value=0, ) """Parameter sync_delay""" self.sync_duration: Parameter = self.add_parameter( name="sync_duration", label=f"Channel {channum} sync pulse duration", unit="s", get_cmd=None, set_cmd=None, initial_value=0.01, ) """Parameter sync_duration"""
[docs] def snapshot_base( self, update: bool | None = False, params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None, ) -> dict[Any, Any]: update_currents = self._parent._update_currents and update if update and not self._parent._get_status_performed: self._parent._update_cache(readcurrents=update_currents) # call get_status rather than getting the status individually for # each parameter. This is only done if _get_status_performed is False # this is used to signal that the parent has already called it and # no need to repeat. if params_to_skip_update is None: params_to_skip_update = ("v", "i", "irange", "vrange") snap = super().snapshot_base( update=update, params_to_skip_update=params_to_skip_update ) return snap
QDacChannel = QDevQDacChannel class QDevQDacMultiChannelParameter(MultiChannelInstrumentParameter): """ The class to be returned by __getattr__ of the ChannelList. Here customised for fast multi-readout of voltages. """ def __init__( self, channels: "Sequence[InstrumentChannel]", param_name: str, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any, ): super().__init__(channels, param_name, *args, **kwargs) def get_raw(self) -> tuple[ParamRawDataType, ...]: """ Return a tuple containing the data from each of the channels in the list. """ # For voltages, we can do something slightly faster than the naive # approach if self._param_name == "v": qdac = self._channels[0]._parent qdac._update_cache(readcurrents=False) output = tuple( chan.parameters[self._param_name].get_latest() for chan in self._channels ) else: output = tuple( chan.parameters[self._param_name].get() for chan in self._channels ) return output QDacMultiChannelParameter = QDevQDacMultiChannelParameter
[docs] class QDevQDac(VisaInstrument): """ Channelised driver for the QDev digital-analog converter QDac Based on "DAC_commands_v_13.pdf" Tested with Software Version: 0.170202 The driver assumes that the instrument is ALWAYS in verbose mode OFF """ # set nonzero value (seconds) to accept older status when reading settings max_status_age = 1 def __init__( self, name: str, address: str, num_chans: int = 48, update_currents: bool = True, **kwargs: "Unpack[VisaInstrumentKWArgs]", ): """ Instantiates the instrument. Args: name: The instrument name used by qcodes address: The VISA name of the resource num_chans: Number of channels to assign. Default: 48 update_currents: Whether to query all channels for their current current value on startup. Default: True. **kwargs: kwargs are forwarded to base class. Returns: QDac object """ super().__init__(name, address, **kwargs) self._output_n_lines = 50 handle = self.visa_handle assert isinstance(handle, SerialInstrument) self._get_status_performed = False # This is the baud rate on power-up. It can be changed later but # you must start out with this value. handle.baud_rate = 460800 handle.parity = pyvisa.constants.Parity(0) handle.data_bits = 8 self.set_terminator("\n") # TODO: do we want a method for write termination too? handle.write_termination = "\n" # TODO: do we need a query delay for robust operation? self._write_response = "" if self._get_firmware_version() < 0.170202: raise RuntimeError(""" Obsolete QDAC Software version detected. QCoDeS only supports version 0.170202 or newer. Contact rikke.lutge@nbi.ku.dk for an update. """) self.num_chans = num_chans # Assigned slopes. Entries will eventually be [chan, slope] self._slopes: list[tuple[int, str | float]] = [] # Function generators (used in _set_voltage) self._fgs = set(range(1, 9)) self._assigned_fgs: dict[int, int] = {} # {chan: fg} # Sync channels self._syncoutputs: list[tuple[int, int]] = [] # Entries: [chan, syncchannel] self.chan_range = range(1, 1 + self.num_chans) self.channel_validator = vals.Ints(1, self.num_chans) channels = ChannelList( self, "Channels", QDevQDacChannel, snapshotable=False, multichan_paramclass=QDevQDacMultiChannelParameter, ) for i in self.chan_range: channel = QDevQDacChannel(self, f"chan{i:02}", i) channels.append(channel) # Should raise valueerror if name is invalid (silently fails now) self.add_submodule(f"ch{i:02}", channel) self.add_submodule("channels", channels.to_channel_tuple()) for board in range(6): for sensor in range(3): label = f"Board {board}, Temperature {sensor}" self.add_parameter( name=f"temp{board}_{sensor}", label=label, unit="C", get_cmd=f"tem {board} {sensor}", get_parser=self._num_verbose, ) self.cal: Parameter = self.add_parameter( name="cal", set_cmd="cal {}", vals=self.channel_validator ) """Parameter cal""" # TO-DO: maybe it's too dangerous to have this settable. # And perhaps ON is a better verbose mode default? self.verbose: Parameter = self.add_parameter( name="verbose", set_cmd="ver {}", val_mapping={True: 1, False: 0} ) """Parameter verbose""" # Initialise the instrument, all channels DC (unbind func. generators) for chan in self.chan_range: # Note: this call does NOT change the voltage on the channel self.write(f"wav {chan} 0 1 0") self.verbose.set(False) self.connect_message() log.info("[*] Querying all channels for voltages and currents...") self.version = self._update_cache(readcurrents=update_currents) self._update_currents = update_currents log.info("[+] Done")
[docs] def snapshot_base( self, update: bool | None = False, params_to_skip_update: "Sequence[str] | None" = None, ) -> dict[Any, Any]: update_currents = self._update_currents and update is True if update: self._update_cache(readcurrents=update_currents) self._get_status_performed = True # call get_status rather than getting the status individually for # each parameter. We set _get_status_performed to True # to indicate that each update channel does not need to call this # function as opposed to when snapshot is called on an individual # channel snap = super().snapshot_base( update=update, params_to_skip_update=params_to_skip_update ) self._get_status_performed = False return snap
######################### # Channel gets/sets ######################### def _set_voltage(self, chan: int, v_set: float) -> None: """ set_cmd for the chXX_v parameter Args: chan: The 1-indexed channel number v_set: The target voltage If a finite slope has been assigned, we assign a function generator to ramp the voltage. """ channel = self.channels[chan - 1] slopechans = [sl[0] for sl in self._slopes] if chan in slopechans: slope = next(sl[1] for sl in self._slopes if sl[0] == chan) # find and assign fg fg = min(self._fgs.difference(set(self._assigned_fgs.values()))) self._assigned_fgs[chan] = fg # We need .get and not get_latest in case a ramp was interrupted v_start = channel.v.get() time = abs(v_set - v_start) / slope log.info(f"Slope: {slope}, time: {time}") # Attenuation compensation and syncing # happen inside _rampvoltage self._rampvoltage(chan, fg, v_start, v_set, time) else: v_dac = QDevQDac._get_v_dac_from_v_exp(channel, v_set) # set the mode back to DC in case it had been changed # and then set the voltage self.write(f"wav {chan} 0 0 0;set {chan} {v_dac:.6f}") def _get_voltage(self, chan: int) -> float: """ get_cmd for the chXX_v parameter Args: chan: The 1-indexed channel number """ self._update_cache(readcurrents=False) return self.channels[chan - 1].v.cache() # In order to get conversions right let us define a vocabulary: # v_exp: is the voltage including the attenuation.This is the value # we want to store in the cache and the value we interact with as a # qcodes user. # v_dac: this is the voltage generated by the dac and handled by the VISA # commands. # Then we have the general relationship`v_exp = v_dac * attenuation`, @staticmethod def _get_attenuation(channel: QDevQDacChannel) -> float: return 0.1 if channel.vrange.cache() == 1 else 1.0 @staticmethod def _get_v_dac_from_v_exp(channel: QDevQDacChannel, v_exp: float) -> float: return v_exp / QDevQDac._get_attenuation(channel) @staticmethod def _get_v_exp_from_v_dac(channel: QDevQDacChannel, v_dac: float) -> float: return v_dac * QDevQDac._get_attenuation(channel) def _set_vrange(self, chan: int, switchint: int) -> None: """ set_cmd for the chXX_vrange parameter The switchint is an integer. 1 means attenuation ON. Since the vrange is actually a 20 dB attenuator (amplitude factor 0.1) immediately applied to the channel output, we must update the voltage parameter accordingly """ self.write(f"vol {chan} {switchint}") # setting v_range preserves v_dac but changes v_exp, see comment above # for definitions. channel = self.channels[chan - 1] if channel.vrange.cache() != switchint: v_dac = QDevQDac._get_v_dac_from_v_exp(channel, channel.v.cache()) channel.vrange.cache.set(switchint) self._update_v_validator(channel, switchint) channel.v.cache.set(QDevQDac._get_v_exp_from_v_dac(channel, v_dac)) def _get_vrange(self, chan: int) -> float: """ get_cmd for the chXX_vrange parameter Args: chan: The 1-indexed channel number """ self._update_cache(readcurrents=False) return self.channels[chan - 1].vrange.cache() def _num_verbose(self, s: str) -> float: """ turn a return value from the QDac into a number. If the QDac is in verbose mode, this involves stripping off the value descriptor. """ if self.verbose.get_latest(): s = s.split(": ")[-1] return float(s) def _current_parser(self, s: str) -> float: """ parser for chXX_i parameter """ return 1e-6 * self._num_verbose(s) def _update_cache(self, readcurrents: bool = False) -> str: r""" Function to query the instrument and get the status of all channels, e.g. voltage (``v``), voltage range (``vrange``), and current range (``irange``) parameters of all the channels. Takes a while to finish. The `status` call generates 51 lines of output. Send the command and read the first one, which is the software version line the full output looks like: Software Version: 0.160218\r\n Channel\tOut V\t\tVoltage range\tCurrent range\n \n 8\t 0.000000\t\tX 1\t\tpA\n 7\t 0.000000\t\tX 1\t\tpA\n ... (all 48 channels like this in a somewhat peculiar order) (no termination afterward besides the \n ending the last channel) returns a list of dicts [{v, vrange, irange}] NOTE - channels are 1-based, but the return is a list, so of course 0-based, ie chan1 is out[0] """ def validate_version(version_line: str) -> str: if version_line.startswith("Software Version: "): version = version_line.strip().split(": ")[1] else: self._wait_and_clear() raise ValueError("unrecognized version line: " + version_line) return version def validate_header(header_line: str) -> None: headers = header_line.lower().strip("\r\n").split("\t") expected_headers = [ "channel", "out v", "", "voltage range", "current range", ] if headers != expected_headers: raise ValueError("unrecognized header line: " + header_line) def parse_line(line: str) -> tuple[int, int, int, float]: i_range_trans = {"hi cur": 1, "lo cur": 0} v_range_trans = {"X 1": 0, "X 0.1": 1} chan_str, v_str, _, v_range_str, _, i_range_str = line.split("\t") chan = int(chan_str) v_dac = float(v_str) v_range = v_range_trans[v_range_str.strip()] i_range = i_range_trans[i_range_str.strip()] return chan, i_range, v_range, v_dac version = validate_version(self.ask("status")) validate_header(self.read()) chans_left = set(self.chan_range) while chans_left: line = self.read().strip() if not line: continue chan, i_range, v_range, v_dac = parse_line(line) channel = self.channels[chan - 1] channel.vrange.cache.set(v_range) self._update_v_validator(channel, v_range) channel.irange.cache.set(i_range) channel.v.cache.set(QDevQDac._get_v_exp_from_v_dac(channel, v_dac)) chans_left.remove(chan) if readcurrents: self._read_currents() return version def _read_currents(self) -> None: for chan in range(1, self.num_chans + 1): param = self.channels[chan - 1].i _ = param.get() @staticmethod def _update_v_validator(channel: QDevQDacChannel, v_range: int) -> None: range = (-10.01, 10.01) if v_range == 0 else (-1.001, 1.001) channel.v.vals = vals.Numbers(*range) def _setsync(self, chan: int, sync: int) -> None: """ set_cmd for the chXX_sync parameter. Args: chan (int): The channel number (1-48) sync (int): The associated sync output. 0 means 'unassign' """ if chan not in range(1, 49): raise ValueError("Channel number must be 1-48.") if sync == 0: # try to remove the sync from internal bookkeeping try: sc = self._syncoutputs to_remove = next(sc.index(syn) for syn in sc if syn[0] == chan) self._syncoutputs.remove(sc[to_remove]) except IndexError: pass # free the previously assigned sync oldsync = self.channels[chan - 1].sync.get_latest() if oldsync is not None: self.write(f"syn {oldsync} 0 0 0") return if sync in [syn[1] for syn in self._syncoutputs]: oldchan = next(syn[0] for syn in self._syncoutputs if syn[1] == sync) self._syncoutputs.remove((oldchan, sync)) if chan in [syn[0] for syn in self._syncoutputs]: oldsyn = next(syn[1] for syn in self._syncoutputs if syn[0] == chan) self._syncoutputs[self._syncoutputs.index((chan, oldsyn))] = (chan, sync) return self._syncoutputs.append((chan, sync)) return def _getsync(self, chan: int) -> float: """ get_cmd of the chXX_sync parameter """ if chan in [syn[0] for syn in self._syncoutputs]: sync = next(syn[1] for syn in self._syncoutputs if syn[0] == chan) return sync else: return 0 def _setslope(self, chan: int, slope: float | str) -> None: """ set_cmd for the chXX_slope parameter, the maximum slope of a channel. Args: chan: The channel number (1-48) slope: The slope in V/s. Write 'Inf' to allow arbitrary small rise times. """ if chan not in range(1, 49): raise ValueError("Channel number must be 1-48.") if slope == "Inf": self.write(f"wav {chan} 0 0 0") # Now clear the assigned slope and function generator (if possible) try: self._assigned_fgs.pop(chan) except KeyError: pass # Remove a sync output, if one was assigned syncchans = [syn[0] for syn in self._syncoutputs] if chan in syncchans: self.channels[chan - 1].sync.set(0) try: sls = self._slopes to_remove = next(sls.index(sl) for sl in sls if sl[0] == chan) self._slopes.remove(sls[to_remove]) return # If the value was already 'Inf', the channel was not # in the list and nothing happens except IndexError: return if chan in [sl[0] for sl in self._slopes]: oldslope = next(sl[1] for sl in self._slopes if sl[0] == chan) self._slopes[self._slopes.index((chan, oldslope))] = (chan, slope) return if len(self._slopes) >= 8: rampchans = ", ".join(str(c[0]) for c in self._slopes) raise ValueError( "Can not assign finite slope to more than " "8 channels. Assign 'Inf' to at least one of " f"the following channels: {rampchans}" ) self._slopes.append((chan, slope)) return def _getslope(self, chan: int) -> str | float: """ get_cmd of the chXX_slope parameter """ if chan in [sl[0] for sl in self._slopes]: slope = next(sl[1] for sl in self._slopes if sl[0] == chan) return slope else: return "Inf"
[docs] def printslopes(self) -> None: """ Print the finite slopes assigned to channels """ for sl in self._slopes: print(f"Channel {sl[0]}, slope: {sl[1]} (V/s)")
def _rampvoltage( self, chan: int, fg: int, v_start: float, setvoltage: float, ramptime: float ) -> None: """ Smoothly ramp the voltage of a channel by the means of a function generator. Helper function used by _set_voltage. Args: chan: The channel number (counting from 1) fg: The function generator (counting from 1) v_start: The starting voltage setvoltage: The voltage to ramp to ramptime: The ramp time in seconds. """ # Crazy stuff happens if the period is too small, e.g. the channel # can jump to its max voltage if ramptime <= 0.002: ramptime = 0 log.warning( "Cancelled a ramp with a ramptime of " f"{ramptime} s. Voltage not changed." ) offset = v_start amplitude = setvoltage - v_start if self.channels[chan - 1].vrange.get_latest() == 1: offset *= 10 amplitude *= 10 chanmssg = f"wav {chan} {fg} {amplitude} {offset}" if chan in [syn[0] for syn in self._syncoutputs]: sync = next(syn[1] for syn in self._syncoutputs if syn[0] == chan) sync_duration = 1000 * self.channels[chan - 1].sync_duration.get() sync_delay = 1000 * self.channels[chan - 1].sync_delay.get() self.write(f"syn {sync} {fg} {sync_delay} {sync_duration}") typedict = {"SINE": 1, "SQUARE": 2, "RAMP": 3} typeval = typedict["RAMP"] dutyval = 100 # s -> ms periodval = ramptime * 1e3 repval = 1 funmssg = f"fun {fg} {typeval} {periodval} {dutyval} {repval}" self.write(chanmssg) self.write(funmssg)
[docs] def write(self, cmd: str) -> None: """ QDac always returns something even from set commands, even when verbose mode is off, so we'll override write to take this out if you want to use this response, we put it in self._write_response (but only for the very last write call) In this method we expect to read one termination char per command. As commands are concatenated by `;` we count the number of concatenated commands as count(';') + 1 e.g. 'wav 1 1 1 0;fun 2 1 100 1 1' is two commands. Note that only the response of the last command will be available in `_write_response` """ log.debug(f"Writing to instrument {self.name}: {cmd}") self.visa_handle.write(cmd) for _ in range(cmd.count(";") + 1): self._write_response = self.visa_handle.read()
[docs] def read(self) -> str: return self.visa_handle.read()
def _wait_and_clear(self, delay: float = 0.5) -> None: time.sleep(delay) self.visa_handle.clear()
[docs] def connect_message( self, idn_param: str = "IDN", begin_time: float | None = None ) -> None: """ Override of the standard Instrument class connect_message. Usually, the response to `*IDN?` is printed. Here, the software version is printed. """ self.visa_handle.write("status") log.info(f"Connected to QDac on {self._address}, {self.visa_handle.read()}") # take care of the rest of the output for _ in range(self._output_n_lines): self.visa_handle.read()
def _get_firmware_version(self) -> float: self.write("status") FW_str = self._write_response FW_version = float(FW_str.replace("Software Version: ", "")) for _ in range(self._output_n_lines): self.read() return FW_version
[docs] def print_overview(self, update_currents: bool = False) -> None: """ Pretty-prints the status of the QDac """ self._update_cache(readcurrents=update_currents) paramstoget = [["i", "v"], ["irange", "vrange"]] printdict = { "i": "Current", "v": "Voltage", "vrange": "Voltage range", "irange": "Current range", } returnmap = { "vrange": {1: "-1 V to 1 V", 0: "-10 V to 10 V"}, "irange": {0: "0 to 1 muA", 1: "0 to 100 muA"}, } # Print the channels for ii in range(self.num_chans): line = f"Channel {ii+1} \n" line += " " for pp in paramstoget[0]: param = getattr(self.channels[ii], pp) line += printdict[pp] line += f": {param.get_latest()}" line += f" ({param.unit})" line += ". " line += "\n " for pp in paramstoget[1]: param = getattr(self.channels[ii], pp) line += printdict[pp] value = param.get_latest() line += f": {returnmap[pp][value]}" line += ". " print(line)
class QDac(QDevQDac): """ Backwards compatibility alias for QDevQDac driver """ pass